MD DNR Water Quality Mapping Project 2016

SONDE CALIBRATION and POST-CALIBRATION: YSI 6600 data sondes equipped with a 6560 conductivity/temperature probe, a 6136 turbidity probe, a 6025 chlorophyll probe, a 6561 pH probe, a 6150ROX (Optical) Dissolved Oxygen probe and in one case, a 6132 (blue-green phycoerythrin) probe, were maintained and calibrated before and after each deployment in accordance with YSI recommendations. <http://www.ysi.com/resource-library.php> CONTINUOUS SURFACE WATER QUALITY MAPPING: DATAFLOW is a compact, self-contained surface water quality mapping system, suitable for use in a small boat operating at planing speeds of about 25 knots. The system collects water through a pipe ("ram") deployed on the transom of the vessel, pumps it through an array of water quality sensors, and then discharges the water overboard. Orientation of the sonde vertically, with probes upward, ensures that no air bubbles are conveyed to the sensors, preventing errors that might be caused by such bubbles. Water quality instrumentation consisted of a YSI 6600 Sonde equipped with a flow-through chamber. The system was configured with conductivity/temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll, pH and dissolved oxygen probes. A second sonde, configured with a phycoerythrin probe, was deployed on some Corsica River surveys. The sonde transmitted data sensor measurements to a data logger. Positioning and depth instrumentation consisted of a Raymarine A70D Chartplotter/Sounder. The data logger matched the position data with water-quality sensor data for each observation. The Raymarine A70D GPS transmitted NMEA data to a Panasonic ToughBook. A DATAFLOW/LabVIEW program was used to merge position and depth data with data collected by the logger and create an output file. The system was equipped with an inline flow meter. Although the flow rate did not affect sensor readings, decreased flow was an indication of either a partial blockage or an interruption of water flow to the instrument. Flow data were used in the field as a diagnostic tool to ensure that the system was working properly and, later, as a quality assurance tool to verify that water flow was uninterrupted. A boat horn was wired to the flow meter. If the flow-rate fell below 3.0 L/s, the horn sounded and warned operators that a problem needed to be corrected. Cruise tracks varied depending on the water body being mapped. In general, a square-wave pattern was followed by alternately sampling shallow shoreline areas, and open, deeper waters while traveling up and down river. Alternative cruise paths were followed if water body size, shape impediments, or obstructions dictated otherwise. Cruise patterns were selected to obtain representative coverage of shallow water habitats and open waters so that segment-wide criteria could be assessed as accurately as possible. Navigational issues and placement of representative calibration sites also determined ultimate cruise tracks. WATER QUALITY CALIBRATION SAMPLES: At each calibration station, "grab" water quality samples were collected from the outflow of the DATAFLOW unit. "Grab" samples were collected at the same time as the Hydrolab surface sample was recorded. Numbered two quart bottles were triple-rinsed and filled with water for chlorophyll and total suspended solids samples and, on the Corsica River survey, "whole" and "filtered" nutrient samples. Nutrient, chlorophyll and suspended-solid water-samples were filtered on station or shortly thereafter. Sample waters and filters were placed on ice immediately after filtration. Particulate samples included: Chlorophyll, Phaeophytin, Particulate Carbon, Particulate Nitrogen, Particulate Phosphorus (PP), Particulate Inorganic Phosphorous (PIP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS). Filtrate collected from TSS/VSS or PP/PIP filtrations was used for dissolved nutrient samples. Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Orthophosphate, Total Dissolved Nitrogen and Total Dissolved Phosphorus samples were collected. HYDROLAB PROFILE: The first reading of the Hydrolab water-column profile at each calibration station was recorded at the same time the water quality bottle sample was collected. The first Hydrolab record logged was for the 0.5-meter depth. The sonde was then lowered to the bottom. A reading was taken at 0.3-meters above the bottom. The sonde was raised and measurements were recorded at 0.5-meter or 1.0-meter increments until it reached the surface. (In cases where station depth was greater than 3-meters, the sonde was raised in 1-meter increments). SECCHI DEPTH: Secchi Disk Depth was measured at each calibration station. Readings with the Secchi disk were made in situ without the aid of sunglasses. The Secchi disk was lowered into the water, on the shady side of the boat, and the depth at which it was no longer visible was recorded. The Secchi depth reading was taken near the stern of the vessel, and the time at which the reading was taken was noted (to the second) from the Global Positioning System. This facilitated later matching of Secchi depth readings with turbidity probe data. PAR MEASUREMENT: Underwater Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 400-700nm) At each calibration station, down-welling light penetrating the water column (PAR) was measured underwater at several depths to calculate the light attenuation coefficient, Kd. Simultaneous deck and submersed PAR intensity measurements were taken to account for variability in incident surface irradiance due to changes in cloud cover. Data collected using this procedure were used to estimate the depth of the photic zone. The equipment used was manufactured by LI-COR, Inc. and consisted of a LI-192SA, flat cosine Underwater Quantum Sensor, a LI-190SA air (deck) reference sensor and a Data Logger (LI-1000 or LI-1400). Deck and underwater readings were recorded simultaneously. Readings were allowed to stabilize before being recorded. If the station depth was less than 3 meters, readings were taken at 0.1 meter and at 0.25-meter intervals until 10% of the 0.1-meter reading was reached. If the station depth was greater than 3 meters, a reading was taken at 0.1-meter and at 0.5-meter intervals until 10% of the 0.1-meter reading was reached.

DATAFLOW FILE POST-PROCESSING: Each raw .txt file, created by DATAFLOW/LabVIEW during 2016 mapping cruises on all water bodies was post-processed in the following manner. Hardware issues with a subset of 2016 surveys made extra processing steps necessary. Data in the April CB2OH_W, August Back River and Corsica River and October Corsica River -survey data files were affected. Characters, in addition to standard numeric values, populated parameter values in multiple fields. No pattern was discerned in the way the anomalous strings were distributed throughout in the text file. All values in each field in each row of the four data files were reviewed. All anomalous strings in fields were edited to remove extra symbols if possible or deleted. In cases where strings in fields appeared to have shifted to other fields, the values were evaluated in the context of preceding and subsequent values. In cases where values clearly appeared to be consistent with preceding and following data field values, the values in question were realigned to the appropriate field. Coordinate values were plotted Using ArcGIS Desktop. Records with coordinates that were inconsistent with preceding and following cruise track values were deleted. Copies of the unedited, raw files were retained. Finally, the edited files were processed with other survey files using the Excel(tm) macro described in the next paragraph. Each file was opened in Microsoft Excel(tm) and renamed. Rows of data acquired before and after mapping were deleted. Records (if any) were also deleted if they did not have associated GPS values. A macro was executed that rearranged columns and inserted error-tracking columns and headings. Next, negative values were flagged, and values outside each parameter's normal range were highlighted. The macro also returned a form summarizing exceedances. Finally, mapping cruise event and instrument information were appended to each record. Flagged values were evaluated for common anomalies including spikes in fluorescence and turbidity, dips in specific conductance, and extremely high dissolved oxygen readings. Instrument post-calibration results, in situ comparisons with HydroLab, LI-COR readings, historical data from nearby locations, and survey crew remarks were used to determine whether sensor values were acceptable. In cases where data were determined to be unreliable, the reason(s) values were determined to be "bad" were documented with error codes and comments. Unreliable data were masked. No data were discarded. All DATAFLOW data for each mapping cruise, both "good" and "bad", were retained in an archival file. Only data considered reliable were published in reports.

LABORATORY ANALYSIS - CBL University of Maryland's Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL), Nutrient Analytical Services Laboratory (NASL) analyzed chlorophyll, phaeophytin, total dissolved nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, nitrite, nitrite + nitrate, ammonium, total dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, particulate inorganic phosphorus, orthophosphate, particulate carbon, total suspended solids, and volatile suspended solids. Further information about laboratory analytical procedures may be obtained from the "Process_Contact".

VERIFICATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT: At the end of the monitoring season, DNR Tawes Office and Field Office personnel conducted additional data QA/QC procedures. All of the water quality calibration "grab" sample data were plotted. Outliers and anomalous values were thoroughly researched. Staff compared unusual values to historic values from the site and values from nearby sites in the Bay. Weather events were considered, event logs were reviewed and field staff members were consulted regarding possible legitimate causes for outlying values. In cases where values were not considered to be legitimate, they were masked from the published dataset with the approval of the field staff and the Quality Assurance Officer.